Indra Devi was not only a female pioneer in the field of yoga; she helped spread the ancient discipline to Western civilization. Yoga was the domain of men from its inception. The earliest visual evidence of yoga comes from about 2500 BC. Men were the teachers and practitioners of yoga from that point until the early 20th C. And then, it took a persistent and assertive woman to break the barrier.
Eugenie Peterson was born in Riga, Latvia on May 12, 1899. Her father was Vasili Peterson, a Swedish bank director and her mother was Alejandra Vasilyevna, a Russian noblewoman who worked as a theater actress under the name Labunskaia. Eugenie was to go to school in Petrograd and then went to study theater in Moscow. When she was fifteen, she came across a book “Fourteen Lessons in Yogi Philosophy and Oriental Occultism” by Yogi Ramacharaka née William Walker Atkinson (1862-1932). Ramacharaka was an American attorney who left his practice to join the religious New Thought movement at the turn of the century. She also read a book by the poet-philosopher Rabindranath Tagore. Eugenie became so excited reading these books; she vowed to go to India someday.
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, there was brutal civil war. Eugenie fled to Latvia, then Poland and ended up in Berlin in 1921. Because she was a trained actress and dancer she joined a theatre troupe and traveled all over Europe. In 1926, she learned there was an upcoming congress of Annie Besant’s Theosophical Society in Ommen, Holland and decided to go there. One evening at the congress, she heard the renowned yoga master, poet and philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti chanting in ancient Sanskrit. She was instantly moved. She was to say later her time at the congress changed her life.
In 1927, Hermann Bolm, a wealthy banker asked her to marry him. She agreed if with the caveat that he pay for a trip to India for her before they were married. He agreed and she spent three months in India. When she came back, she returned the engagement ring, telling Bolm her place was in India. She sold what jewels and furs she had and returned to India. Under the stage name of Indra Devi, she became a rising star as a dancer and actress in Indian films. During a social gathering, she met Jan Strakaty, the commercial attaché to the Czechoslovak Consulate in Bombay. They were married in 1930. Through him she met the Maharaja and Maharini of Mysore, who maintained a yoga school in their palace where Sri Tirumalai Krishnamacharya taught.
Indra became a colonial socialite attending receptions, balls, and horse races. She tried to meet Indians of all castes and ranges. She became friends with Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore and Jawaharlal Nehru. Her husband was very open and understanding, even though she was violating social convention. This lifestyle soon took its toll on her and she began experiencing chest pains. She spent four years taking unsuccessful treatments for her condition. A yoga practicing friend of hers suggested she try practicing yoga.
She approached Krishnamacharya. He refused on the grounds she was a Westerner and a woman. The Maharaja finally intervened and Krishnamacharya agreed to take her on as a student. She met every challenge: strict discipline, long hours of practice, diet restrictions, no use of a stove to keep warm. She had to keep up with all the requirements of the male students. The master admired her zeal so much he took her on as a private student. Some of her fellow students were to become the great masters: K. Pattabi Jois and B.K.S. Iyengar. She experienced a complete recovery from her heart ailment.
In 1938, her husband learned he would be transferred to China. Krishnamacharya urged Indra to teach yoga. In 1939, she opened a yoga school in Shanghai in the home of Madame Chiang Kai-shek, wife of the nationalist leader and a yoga enthusiast. She had American and Russians students come to her school. They began calling her “Mataji” which means mother.
Indra returned to India after the war and wrote her first book “Yoga, the Art of Reaching Health and Happiness”, believed to be the first book on yoga written by a Westerner to be published in India. She was also the first Westerner to teach yoga in India. In the meantime, her husband returned to Czechoslovakia where he died in 1946. Indra departed for Shanghai to retrieve her belongings and couldn’t decide whether to go back to India or go to the United States.
Her decision was to go to the United States. About a year later she opened a yoga school in Hollywood. In an effort to publicize and spread word about yoga, she cultivated movie stars and other famous people to come to her school. Gloria Swanson, Yehudi Menuhin, Pandit Nehru, Ben Gurion, Roman Navarro, Jennifer Jones, Greta Garbo and Robert Ryan were just some of her students. She became friends with Elizabeth Arden, the expert cosmetologist who incorporated yoga into her health spa programs. Indra wrote two more books, “Forever Young, Forever Healthy” and “Renew Your Life by Practicing Yoga” which soon became best sellers. They were sold in 29 countries and translated into ten different languages.
In 1953, she married Dr. Sigfrid Knauer, a distinguished physician and humanist. She became an American citizen in the mid-fifties and her name officially became Indra Devi when she put it on her passport. Dr. Knauer bought her a twenty-four room estate in Tecate, Mexico where she gave training courses in yoga. She began speaking at conferences and on television and radio to spread word about the benefits of yoga and writing more books. She went to the Soviet Union in 1960 and tried to convince the government that yoga was not a religion and should be practiced there. It was finally legalized in Russia.
In 1966, she became a follower of Sathya Sai Baba. She began calling her yoga Sai Yoga. In 1977, Indra’s husband died. She was traveling the world lecturing and teaching, aided by her fluency in five languages: English, Spanish, Russian, French and German. In 1982, she travelled to Argentina and fell in love with the country. Her popularity was immense and she was to spend the rest of her life there.
In 1988, she created the Fundacion Indra Devi which exists to this day. In 1989, the first national conference was held in Russia with Indra Devi, B.K.S. Iyengar and Guru Bhajan. In 1999, over 3,000 guests attended a party celebrating her 100th birthday. As she became older she still traveled but began to slow her pace. In 2002, her health was to worsen and she was to die peacefully in Buenos Aires on April 25, 2002. She was cremated and her ashes scattered over the Rio de la Plata.
Selected works of Indra Devi: “Yoga for Americans”, “Yoga for You”, “Pilgrims of the Stars”, “Sai Baba and Sai Yoga”
Images of Indra Devi courtesy Fundación Indra Devi.
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Susan Abernethy’s passion for history dates back to “The Six Wives of Henry VII” television show in the early ’70’s. She has a BA in History and just recently began sharing her passion by writing a blog on women’s history and other types of history.
Very interesting story. Thank you for sharing!
I am struck by the similarities to another amazing woman who became the first female to be initiated into sanyasin: Swami Radha. She immigrated to Canada in 1951 and became a Canadian citizen. A visionary experience led her to her guru, Swami Sivananda Saraswati of Rishikesh, India. At his ashram she received intense training in the philosophy and practices of yoga, and in 1956 she was initiated into the sacred order of sanyas to become Swami Sivananda Radha.
Would love to see a similar article on her.
SD
I have heard of her Sue. This is another great story and I love your suggestion about an article on her. I will look into it.
Aloha Sue, I met Mataji in 1975 at Sai Babas ashram. We became very good friends and she visited us in Honolulu several times through the years when we would put on workshops. We also saw she and Dr. Knauer in India in the early 1980’s. That means that Dr. Knauer died sometime after what you said in the article. He was a very gifted naturopathic physician who once diagnosed my wife and I as being sick while we shared a lunch with he and Mataji.. By the late afternoon we were both seriously ill with a virus. He said he could tell we were ill from from our breathing patterns. When we met, Mataji told me that I was a “dead ringer” for her first love. She always referred to me as “Ricky Darling” in her most dramatic Russian accent. We remain “dearests” for eternity.
Some time in the 80’s, she began to distance herself from Sai Baba and moved into her South American phase. What an awesome and inspirational friend, teacher she was. Thank you for writing this article.
Rick Bernstein
By Sai Baba’s ashram do you mean Sai Nilayam in Tecate? I lived there later, after Mataji had sold the old ranch house, but had the joy to meet with Mataji a few times; she lived in a casa down the ravine from us, and would walk up [in her sari] to use our telephone. She was an unforgettable presence.
I salute Smt. Indira Devi (Eugenie Peterson) for learning and popularizing Yoga to the western World, especially among the woman of those days when even men were so hesitant to practice it. She will keep on inspiring generations of humanity in the years to come.
Yes Dr. Rathore, I agree.
SA
What is the date of you posting this article? Im curious for i can’t see it on this page.
Very inspired by your research work and particularly getting to know a bit more through you… about this grand First lady of such versatility including … her entering an arena new to or even hostile to females and staying with it all… and then being requested to … and eventually in her expressing Yogic wholesomeness in her life and living. How cool.
Hi Red See, I wrote the article back in 2012. At that time there was no biography of her so I had to do a lot of digging. I found some information on her on Russian websites. There is now a biography of her that is shown on this page.
You are right. One thing I found about her is she was very brave to continue to study yoga under those conditions as a woman. She was unique and strong enough that her guru sent her out to teach. She is very cool!
I had the opportunity to see an old aged Matashi Indra Devi on ocassion of Her giving a lecture in Buenos Aires City at her foundation (mid 90’s), She radiated Light an Love beyond words, did speak spanish with a strong accent indeed, but was close in some strange way to each one of us, who looked at Her barefoot and delighted.
The lecture was about the trascendence of the soul to corporal death, She predicted very correctly the date of her death and asked for Her remains to be kept undisturbed for 3 days before cremation.
Her foundation is still very active and her memory is well alive among us in Argentina. In Her last years of pilgrimage She was Light and Love and enjoyed each second lived in my country, She was loved, admired an respected, A great Lady indeed.
Grateful for this article and to get to “know” this inspired woman. I learned of her because Tao Porchon-Lynch mentioned meeting her. I’m indeed happy to know about any women who pioneered yoga when it was strange for westerners and “only for men.” And I love reading comments from people who experienced her and her work directly.
Beautifully written…. It made me realise that we are so ignorant about amazing people around us. Thanks for the article.
Thank you , I like to know more about all this one drop medicine for someone who needs the help .
I knew about Mataji only via the writings on Sri Sathya Sai. I had no knowledge at all about her pre-1966 life. It is one more star in the divine creation. Thanks for the great article.